Circuits, Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin/Norton, semiconductor diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, and op-amps.
Combinational/sequential logic, 8085/8086 architectures, assembly language, memory interfacing.
C/C++, OOP concepts, linked lists, trees, graphs, sorting, searching, and algorithmic complexity.
RISC/CISC, pipelining, cache memory hierarchy, I/O organization, 8051/ARM microcontrollers.
OSI & TCP/IP stack, routing protocols, subnetting, network security, cryptography, and firewalls.
SDLC models, Agile/Scrum, requirements, testing methodologies, project estimation (CPM/PERT).
Relational model, SQL queries, 1NF/2NF/3NF/BCNF normalization, indexing, and ACID transactions.
Process management, CPU scheduling, concurrency, semaphores, paging, virtual memory, deadlocks.
Search algorithms, machine learning, neural networks, computer vision, cloud computing, IoT.
Nepal Engineering Council Act, code of ethics, public procurement acts, contracts, liability.